Comparison of Degree

Comparison of Degree এটি Transformation of Sentences এর উপরে একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অধ্যায়। এখানে আমাদেরকে একটি বাক্যকে Positive থেকে Comparative বা Superlative এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয় adjective বা adverb শব্দের পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম অনুসরন করে। আমি Changing Degree এর উপরে ৫ টি নিয়ম আলোচনা করতে যাচ্ছি এই অধ্যায়ে।

এখানে, আমি তোমাকে Changing degree এর উপরে সবচেয়ে সহজ নিয়ম শেখাবো। আমি আশা করছি যে তোমার কাছে বিভিন্ন প্রকাশিত বইয়ে দেওয়া Changing degree এর উপর নিয়ম-কানুনের চেয়ে এই পদ্ধতিগুলো সহজ মনে হবে। তুমি এই অধ্যায়টি পড়ার পরে Changing degree এর ক্ষেত্রে আর কোন সমস্যায় পড়বেনা। তাহলে শুরু করা যাক আমাদের আলোচনা।

প্রথমত, আমি তোমাকে degrees এর রূপগুলোর সাথে পরিচয় করিয়ে দিতে চাই যাতে তোমার বুঝতে কোন সমস্যা না থাকে। adjectives এবং adverbs এর ক্ষেত্রে মোট ৩ প্রকার degrees রয়েছেঃ

• Positive Degree– (no comparison -কোন তুলনা হবেনা)
• Comparative Degree– (comparison between two persons or objects-দুইজনের বা দুটি বিষয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা হবে)
• Superlative Degree– (comparison among several persons or objects-অনেক ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে তুলনা হবে)

Example:
In this class, this student is intelligent.
Positive Degree- (no comparison)

In this class, this student is more intelligent than Max.
Comparative Degree- (comparison between two persons or objects)

In this class, this student is the most intelligent.
Superlative Degree- (comparison among several persons or objects)

The adjective or adverb word forms of these 3 degrees are:
Adjectives এবং Adverbs শব্দের ৩ টি degrees এর রূপে শব্দের রূপের ভিন্নতাঃ

Positive Degree	Comparative Degree	Superlative Degree
Strong	Stronger	Strongest
Great	Greater	Greatest
Old	Older/elder	Oldest/eldest
Small	Smaller	Smallest
Few	Fewer	Fewest
Weak	Weaker	Weakest
Hot	Hotter	Hottest
Big	Bigger	Biggest
Large	Larger	Largest
Wise	Wiser	Wisest
Easy	Easier	Easiest
Beautiful	More beautiful	Most beautiful
Intelligent	More Intelligent	Most Intelligent
Good/well	Better	Best
Bad/badly/evil/ill	Worse	Worst
Many/much	More	Most
Fore	Former	Foremost/first
Little	Less	Least
Late	Later/latter	Latest/last
Far	Farther	Farthest
Fore	Further	Furthest
Out	Outer/utter	Outmost/outermost
Up	Upper	Uppermost

Degrees এর উপরে অনেক শব্দ রয়েছে। এখানে আমি তাদের মধ্যে সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কিছু শব্দ দিলাম তোমাকে ধারনা দেবার জন্য।

কিছু বিষয় যা তোমাকে মনে রাখতে হবেঃ

Degrees পরিবর্তনের সময় কিছু নির্দিষ্ট বিষয় তোমাকে মনে রাখতে হবে। নিম্নে সেগুলো দেওয়া হলঃ

Point-01:

• (Positive Degree এর চিহ্ন হল “as…..as/so…..as”)

Point-02:

• (Comparative Degree এর চিহ্ন হল “than”)

Point-03:

• (Superlative Degree এর চিহ্ন হল “the”)

Point-04:

• (Adjective বা Adverb যে শব্দটি দেওয়া আছে তা Degree এর বিভিন্ন রূপ যেমনঃ (Positive- Strong)/ (Comparative- Stronger) / (Superlative-Strongest) অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

Point-05:

• (Degree পরিবর্তনের সময় মূল বাক্যের অর্থের কোন পরিবর্তন হওয়া যাবেনা)

Point-06:

• (Degree পরিবর্তনের সময় মূল বাক্যের subject এবং object এর স্থান পরিবর্তন করতে হবে। অর্থাৎ, Positive Degree তে object টিকে Comparative Degree / Superlative Degree তে subject হিসেবে বসাতে হবে)

এখন, Degree পরিবর্তনের উপর এই ৫ টি সূত্র অনুসরন করঃ

Degree পরিবর্তনের ৫ টি সূত্রঃ

No	Positive Degree	Comparative Degree	Superlative Degree
01	No other… There is no…. Nothing… (in case of Singular) (একবচন ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু)	than any other… than anything…	the… of any…
02	Very few… Few… (in case of Plural) (বহুবচন ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু)	than most other… than all other…	one of the… of all…
03	As….as/so….as (Affirmative-Negative) (single sentence) (হাঁ-বোধক=না-বোধক)	not….than	(Not applicable) (পরিবর্তন হয়না)
04	As…as(Affirmative) As…as  (Negative) (before a sentence) (No change of Subject Object)	not less…than  (Affirmative) less…than  (Negative)	(Not applicable) (পরিবর্তন হয়না)
05	As soon as…..	No sooner had…than	(Not applicable) (পরিবর্তন হয়না)

এখন নিচে প্রতিটি সূত্রের উদাহারন এবং ব্যাখ্যা দেখ। বাক্যের মধ্যে যে অংশ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে তা মোটা অক্ষরে চিহ্নিত করা আছে। আমি প্রতিটি সূত্রের বিশেষ শর্ত, প্রয়োগের নিয়ম এবং রুপ ব্যাখা করেছি যা তোমাকে সূত্রগুলো পরিষ্কার ভাবে বুঝতে সাহায্য করবে।

এখন নিচে প্রতিটি সূত্রের উদাহারন এবং ব্যাখ্যা দেখ। বাক্যের মধ্যে যে অংশ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে তা মোটা অক্ষরে চিহ্নিত করা আছে। আমি প্রতিটি সূত্রের বিষয়গুলো ইংরেজি এবং বাংলা উভয় ভাষাতে উল্লেখ করেছি।

Example of Rule: 01

Positive: No other boy in the class is as good as John.
Comparative: John is better than any other boy in the class.
Superlative: John is the best boy in the class.

Explanation:

• (এখানে adjective শব্দ ‘good’ কে ‘better’ এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে comparative রূপে এবং ‘best’ এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে superlative রূপে। পাশাপাশি, positive রূপের object word-‘John’ কে comparative বা superlative রূপের সময় subject word এ নিয়ে যাওয়া হয়েছে। পরিশেষে, তুমি দেখতে পাবে যে এখানে verb এর রূপটি একবচন।)

Example of Rule: 02

Positive: Very few cities are as developed as New York in the world.
Comparative: New York is more developed than most other/than all other cities in the world.
Superlative: New York is one of the most developed cities in the world.

Explanation:

• (এখানে adjective শব্দ ‘developed’ কে ‘more developed’ এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে comparative রূপে এবং ‘most developed’ এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে superlative রূপে। পাশাপাশি, positive রূপের object word-‘New York’ কে comparative বা superlative রূপের সময় subject word এ নিয়ে যাওয়া হয়েছে। পরিশেষে, তুমি দেখতে পাবে যে এখানে verb এর রূপটি বহুবচন।)

Example of Rule: 03

Positive: The boy is as strong as the girl.
Comparative: The girl is not stronger than the boy.
Positive: You believe him as much as I.
Comparative: I do not believe him more than you.
Positive: Your bag is as fine as mine.
Comparative: My bag is not finer than yours.

Explanation:

• (এই নিয়মে, তুমি “as…as” এর পর একটি মাত্র শব্দ পাবে। এখানে adjective শব্দ ‘strong’ পরিবর্তন হয়ে comparative রূপে ‘stronger’ হবে। পাশাপাশি, positive রূপের object word- ‘The girl’ কে comparative রূপের সময় subject word এ নিয়ে যাওয়া হয়েছে। পরিশেষে, যদি positive রূপটি হাঁ-বোধকে থাকে তবে comparative রূপ না-বোধকে করতে হবে আর না-বোধকে থাকলে হাঁ-বোধকে রূপান্তর করতে হবে। অর্থ ঠিক রাখার জন্য
• Example of Rule: 04
  

Positive: The girl is as ugly as you said
Comparative: The girl is no less ugly than you said.
Positive: The student is not as fool as I think.
Comparative: The student is less fool than I think.

• (এই নিয়মে, তুমি “as…as” এর পর একটি বাক্য পাবে। এখানে তোমাকে adjective এর কোন পরিবর্তন করতে হবেনা এবং subject বা object স্থানের কোন পরিবর্তন ঘটবেনা। পরিশেষে, যদি positive রূপটি হাঁ-বোধকে থাকে তবে comparative রূপ না-বোধকে করতে হবে আর না-বোধকে থাকলে হাঁ-বোধকে রূপান্তর করতে হবে। অর্থ ঠিক রাখার জন্য এটা করতে হবে।)

Example of Rule: 05

Positive: As soon as the man came, I left the room.
Comparative: No sooner had the man come than I left the room.

• (এখানে তোমাকে শুধু “as soon as” অংশটিকে “No sooner had” এ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে এবং “(,)” কমাটিকে “than” এ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে positive হতে comparative করার সময়। এখানে তোমাকে adjective এর কোন পরিবর্তন করতে হবেনা এবং subject বা object স্থানের কোন পরিবর্তন ঘটবেনা।)

এই হল degree পরিবর্তনের উপর পরিপূর্ণ ৫ টি নিয়ম উদাহারন এবং ব্যখ্যা সহ। আমি আশা করি যে তুমি এতক্ষণে এই অধ্যায়টি ভালোভাবে বুঝে গেছ। এখন তুমি যেকোনো বাক্যকে positive হতে comparative বা superlative এ পরিবর্তন করতে পারবে। কিন্তু যদি তুমি এই “5 Rules of Changing Degrees” অধ্যায়ের কোন অংশ বুঝতে না পারো তবে অবশ্যয় নিম্নের মন্তব্য শাখায় আমাকে জানাবে। আমি এখানে সবসময় আছি তোমাকে সাহায্য করার জন্য এবং তোমার ভাষা শিক্ষণ নিশ্চিত করতে। ধন্যবাদ।

M.Ebadul Hq

Some Important Paragraphs for Class X And XI (2022) By Ebadul Hq

 Write a paragraph on the ‘Importance of Tourism’.  [150-200 words] 

Answer:

Importance of Tourism

In modern times, the importance of tourism has grown astronomically. Apart from leisure tourism, one hears of business and medical tourism too. Tourism has now become a global activity. All countries organise festivals and special attractions to invite tourists. Dubai and Singapore host shopping festivals for the same purpose.

Our country is rich in tourist attractions apart from historical sights, there is rich art and culture to be sampled. The festivals organised by the government or private agencies showcase our arts and handicrafts, music and dance, food and beverages and are immensely popular among foreigners and Indians. They bring in foreign exchange and are a major step in preserving our crafts and traditions. Besides, in India there is currently an upsurge in domestic tourism. Indians travel to distant parts of the country to taste the sights and delights of Goa, Kanya Kumari etc. The tourism industry now provides expensive as well as Bridget resorts and is a great provider of jobs.

Write an paragraph titled “Joint Family – A Boon to the Growing Child”, to be published in your school magazine in 150-200 words. 
Answer:

Joint Family-a Boon to the Growing Child

“I love the days when my grandparents are with us. Unfortunately, they have to go back to their old house in UP., as our flat is too small for all of us.”

Living space is just one of the factors that have forced families to break up into nuclear families. The non-availability of jobs in small towns, the high cost of living in large towns, the need of good education for children are some of the other reasons why India’s age-old system of joint families is disintegrating. But in the rat race of modern life, the worst affected are the growing children.

The needs of growing children are complex. They need special nutrition. Their mind which gets bewildered with increasing exposure to the adult world needs guidance. Their emotions, which are in turmoil, need reassurance. Above all, they need somebody they trust to be available to them when they need it. Surely parents are the best people to fulfill these needs.

The pressures of modern life, however, rob the parents of the time and energy they should give to the children. Who can fill the need better than grandparents who have unlimited love and wisdom for their grandchildren?

Write an article on the importance of participating in games and sports highlighting the dictum, ‘A Healthy Mind in a Healthy Body’. (Word limit: 150-200 words)
Answer:

Importance of Games for Students

In order to promote the all-round growth of students, schools lay the same stress on games and sports as on academics. Physical fitness is in fact an important part of the curriculum. In all schools, games are part of the regular timetable and a games teacher is an inevitable faculty member.

A games period and a games teacher are not enough to ensure physical development. Children should be given training informal games like cricket, football, basketball, etc. and competitions arranged at many levels. The intra-school competitions among Houses most effectively serve their purpose because they ensure the participation of every student. Inter-school, zonal and national competitions are for the more skilled sportsmen.

It is important that students make use of these facilities and opportunities. Sports impart physical fitness, a team spirit and habits of fair play. Even intellectual ability is heightened if the body is fit because “a healthy mind dwells in a healthy body.” Sports are essential for promoting integrated personality development.

You are really worried about environmental degradation. Pollution is increasing day by day and is posing a great threat to the environment and mankind. Ozone layer is getting depleted. Write an article on ‘Environmental Pollution – a Global Problem’ in 150-200 words.
Answer:

Environmental Pollution – A Global Problem

The developed nations are alarmed at the global warming, the pollution of the oceans; the developing nations have their rivers full of poisons and land with pesticides; the underdeveloped are caught in a cycle of drought and flood. These are just a few manifestations of environmental pollution. It is worldwide. The air, water, and earth have been polluted by the deadliest of all species that live on earth – the homo sapiens were also known as human beings.

What are the factors behind this devastating phenomenon? Mainly greed and irresponsibility. In some regions, it is the overuse of traditional methods of cultivation like clearing forests for planting. Another cause is the overriding thirst for development and growth, which has brought about plunder of even the oceans and deserts.

Whatever the causes, the havoc has to be stopped. The air must be made clean again for the lungs of our youngsters, the water for our fields and cattle, and the soil for crops, plants, and trees. We need to leave tips planet wholesome and benign for the future generations.

Write an article for your school magazine, justifying the need for education of girls in the country for national development. Write this article in 150-200 words.
Answer:

Education for Girls

Mahatma Gandhi said, “When you educate a man, you educate an individual, but when you educate a woman, you educate the whole family.” Gandhiji was looking at the most important role of a woman-that of a homemaker and a mother. Today, the roles of women are far more diverse and women need to be suitably educated.

Today, women have entered the fields that were considered male bastions like industry, science, space travel, armed forces, police and sports. They compete at international levels and bring laurels to the country.

Even the average woman, the housewife or the career woman, needs to be educated to keep pace with the fast-moving times. Professionally, she needs to know the latest in her field. If at home, the woman must know facts about hygiene, nutrition, budgeting, etc

If we do not educate our women, half of the nation will remain backward and be a hurdle to economic growth and development.

You have to write an article for your school magazine on “Good Manners”. Using the ideas given below along with your own ideas, write in 150-200 words:
table
Answer:

Good Manners

Good manners are in greater danger of disappearing than the ozone layer. Rudeness and impoliteness seem to be the new style of interacting with people.
(Develop into sentences)

A rude encounter makes one unhappy-politeness makes life easy-ask rudely and ordinary things will be refused, ask politely and difficult favours will be gained-rudeness among the young is particularly painful to grown-up people.

Possible reasons for rudeness can be increasing pressures of modern life, breaking down of traditional values, increasing self-centered thinking in young people.

Good manners need to be brought back.

Write your speech in 150-200 words, showing how virtues like punctuality, regularity, obedience, cleanliness, politeness, etc. come automatically if students observe basic discipline.
Answer:

Discipline – The Key to Success

Develop these hints into complete sentences.

Respected Principal, teachers, and dear friends,

How did you reach school today? By bus, car, cycle, or on foot? Did you thank the people who
made it possible for you to reach school? No. You probably did not know that it was because of the disciplined behaviour of many people that you could reach the school.

Any activity in life needs discipline-running a home, running an institution, running your own life.

For learning any skill, art, acquiring knowledge, discipline is inevitable. Discipline means living and – working within a framework of rules.

Other virtues to follow discipline are punctuality, regularity, cleanliness, obedience, politeness, etc.

Write an article on ‘Pollution Control Drive’ for a national daily. Write this article in 150-200 words. j

Pollution Control Drive

The earth wears a cloak of dust. Half an hour on the road is enough to cause irritation in the throat and a feeling of being suffocated. The dust just hangs in the air. Upon closer look, we find there is less dust and more smoke, chemicals, and poison in the air around us.

Today, the water tastes funny. It smells strange too. If you store it in a bucket, soon there will be sediments at the bottom. There are frequent outbreaks of gastroenteritis which claim several lives. The story of the soil is no different. It is polluted by chemicals and undegradable plastic and glass. Garbage makes the face of our cities ugly.

The common factor in this dismal scenario is human neglect. We do not take enough care of our life-supporting systems. Immediately a concentrated drive should be launched to prevent the pollution of water, air, and soil. Strict discipline and awareness among the masses are essential prerequisites. Remedial measures are needed to restore the purity of the elements. New rules have to be made and old rules have to be implemented.

Write an article on the ‘Role of Students in National Development’ for publication in your school magazine. (150-200 words).

Role of Students in National Development
by ABC (XIB)

Our school is fully involved in the cause of educating the underprivileged. It is with good reason that the youth are called the hope of the nation.

We feel students of colleges and universities can be the most effective agents of national development. They are young, energetic and idealistic. They are not burdened with job responsibilities and can devote time. They may not have funds, but they have enthusiasm and will. Several NGOs and government agencies are willing to lend financial support to useful projects. In India, the avenues of work are unlimited. For students, the most appropriate field is imparting education to the underprivileged. Our school adopted a slum and twice a week, students of class XI took classes‘for women and children.

Working in the slums was another project of our students. The slum dwellers lived in squalid conditions having miserable health. Our students carried out cleanliness drive and gave basic instructions on hygiene.

National development can be achieved by improving the health and ability of the people. Students should not hesitate to work with the lowly and the humble.

Write an article for your school magazine in 150-200 words. You may use the following ideas as well as some of your own.

Meditation
by Pushpa Mathur (XIB)

Indians are impressed by the western culture. Many of our practices are noticed and appreciated if they are imported from the west, for example ‘yoga’ and ‘meditation’.

Meditation means turning the mind inwards. One has to sit in a certain position, close one’s eyes and withdraiy from the visible everyday world. One has to focus one’s mind. A guru is needed to teach techniques of meditation. Once learnt, it can be practised independently.

The benefits of meditation are many – gives peace, reduces stress, helps in reducing blood pressure, etc. Therefore, it is extremely beneficial for businessmen, senior officers, etc. To students-the mind sharpens-memory improves-concentration improves, harmful emotions are controlled, -gurus can be found easily, specially in big cities-worth trying-Meditation can improve the quality of one’s life. (Develop these hints into complete sentences.

Write an article on “Ban Crackers” in 150-200 words for your school magazine.
Answer:

Ban Crackers

For the past few years, the concept of cracker-free Diwali has been catching up. The reasons for disapproving of crackers are several. A campaign to build up opinion against crackers is gaining momentum year by year.

First and foremost, crackers cause air and noise pollution. On Diwali, crackers are burst late into the night. The result is air full of harmful gases and chemicals. People with breathing disorders get attacks of asthma and breathlessness. The noise generated makes sleep impossible.

Another objection against crackers is that they cause unnecessary expense. Bursting crackers is literally putting to fire your hard earned money. Families which cannot afford to waste money are forced to spend because of the custom and the children’s eagerness. Another objection to crackers is that they are produced by child labour. To burst crackers is to encourage child labour. Lately, school children have joined the campaign and wish to celebrate Diwali without crackers.

The use of computers is becoming very popular in every sphere of life in India. Write an article in 150-200 words emphasising the use of computers in everyday life.
Answer:

Computers in Our Lives

21st century can rightly be called the Age of Computers’. Though computers became popular towards the end of the 20th century, it is now that they are invading our lives more and more. Computers are extremely efficient machines. They work accurately and speedily. They are versatile and can perform a wide range of functions. The greatest advantage is that they are easy to learn and operate. This is the chief reason of their vast popularity. Villagers, housewives, children and even semi-literate people all can operate computers easily.

Today, our trains, planes and ships are run on computer programmes. Ever}’ industry employs computer professionals. They are a part of education, research, banking, entertainment and even sports. Nowadays, governments, banks and defence forces also use computers for carrying out their business.

The most unique contribution of computers to our civilisation is that they have provided global connectivity. Jhrough satellites, unlimited information is available to all of us.

Computers, in the evolution of human knowledge, are perhaps the most significant of all milestones. Our lives have not remained the same ever since computers made their entry.