Mughal Empire part 2

Humayun

Humayun was born in 1507 in Kabul as the son of Babur and Mahim Sulthana.
He became the Mughal Emperor on 29 December 1530 at the age of 23.
He divided the empire among his brothers - Askari, Hindal and Kamran.
The word 'Humayun' means 'fortunate' But Human is considered as the most unfortunate Mughal ruler.
Human was an accomplished mathematician and astronomer.
In 1539 by the Battle of Chausa, Humayun was defeated for the first time by Shershah Suri.
In the next year (1540) Shershah completely defeated Humayun in the battle of Kanauj and founded the Sur dynasty.
After the lapse of 15 years Humayun re-captured the Empire by defeating the last Sur ruler Sikhandar Shah Suri by the battle of Sirhindh in 1555, July.
After the restoration Humayun ruled for only six months.
The period from 1540 to 1555 is known as the period of temporary eclipse of the Mughal.
Humayun died by an accidental fall from the straicase of his Library 'Shermandal' at the Puranakwila in Delhi on 24 January 1556.
The Purnakwila was constructed by Humayun but its construction was completed by Shershah.
Humayun's biography Humayun Namah was written by Humayun's sister Gulbadan Begum. The language used to write this biography was a mixture of Turkish and Persian. In 1533 Humayun built the city of Dinpana (world refuge) in Delhi.
Humayun's tomb is situated in Delhi (first building in India having double domes)
Humayun tomb is known as predecessor of Tajmahal, because Taj was modelled after this, also known as a dormitory of the house of Timur. Mirak Mirza Ghias is its architect.
Akbar the Great

Father - Humayun
Mother - Hamida Bhanu Begum
Step mother - Magam Anaga
Guardian - Bairam Khan
First Guardian - Munim Khan
Akbar was born at Amarkot in Sindh in 23 Nov. 1542.
He came to the throne on February 14, 1556 at the age of 14 at Kalanur.
Hemu the Hindu Prime Minister of Muhammed Adilshah of Bihar occupied Agra and accepted the title Maharaja Vikramaditya.
Akbar killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Paniput in 1556 November 2.
Akbar became an independent ruler at the age of 18 in 1560, after dismissing Bairamkhan.
Later he married Bairam Khans widow Salima Begum.
In 1561 he defeated the musician Sulthan of Malwa - Baz Bahadur.
In 1562 Akbar married Joda Bhai, the daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amber
In 1564, he abolished the religious tax Jaziya. Jaziya was impossed for the first time by Firozshah Tughlaq.
In 1572 he captured Gujarat and in memory of that he built a new capital city Fathepur sikri (city of Victory) near Agra.
The early name of Fathepur Sikri was city of Sikri.
Buland Darwaza is the gate way of Fathepur Sikri, built by Akbar. In 1575 Akbar constructed a prayer house in Fathepur Sikri known as Ibadatkhana.
In 1579 he issued the Infallibility Decree by which he made himself the supreme head in religious matters.
In 1580 the first Jesuit missionaries arrived at the court of Akbar.
In 1585 Ralph Fitch the first English man to reach India, reached Akbar's court.
Ralph Fitch is known as pioneer English man or torch bearer Englishman.
In 1582 Akbar founded a new religion for universal peace and monotheism known as 'Din Ilahi'  means Divine Faith.
In 1583 he started a new Calendar called Ilahi Calendar.
In 1576 Akbar defeated Maharana Pratap of Mewar in the battle of Haldighat. Haldighat is a mountain pass in the Aravally hills in Rajasthan.
The Portuguese introduced tobacco for the first time in India in the court of Akbar in 1604.
Akbar was the Mughal Emperor when the English East India Company was being founded in 1600 December 31. Akbar died in 1605.
His tomb is situated at Sikhandra near Agra.
Akbar was an illiterate person, but he was a patron of men of eminence. He maintained a Scholastic Assembly in his court. They included the following personalities.
Abul Fazal : Akbar's court historian who wrote Akbar's biographical works Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Namah..
Abul Faizi : Persian poet and brother of Abul Fazal. He translated Mahabharata into Persian in name 'Razam Namah' and Bhaskaracharya's  mathematical work Leelavati into Persian.
Mian Tansen : His original name was Ram Thanu Pande. He was the court Musician of Akbar. He composed a Raga, Rajdarbari in honour of Akbar.
Birbal : His real name was Mahesh Das. He is the court jester of Akbar.
Raja Todarmal : RajaTodarmal was Akbar's finance or revenue minister. He formulated Akbar's revenue system Zabti and Dashala systems. Raja Todermal also translated Bhagavatapurana into Persian.
Maharaja Mansing : Akbar's military commander.
Badauni : a historian who translated Ramayana into Persian - Tarjuma -1-Ramayan.
Tulasidas : Hindi poet who wrote Ramacharitamanas.
Akbar's military system was known as Mansabdari system, which included Ranks from 10 - 7000
Akbar was also responsible for the introduction Persian as the official language of Mughals.
He divided the Mughal Empire into 12 Subahs (provinces) for the administrative conveniences.
Akbar was also the first ruler to organise Hajj. Pilgrimage at the government expense. The Port Cambay in Gujarat is known as the 'Gate way to Mecca from Mughal India'.
Akbar was an accomplished Sitar player.
Mughal - Rajput friendly relation began during the period of Akbar.